1. National Bureau of Economic Research, Business Cycle Dating Committee, announcement of June 2009 as the end of the recession that began in December 2007, Sept. 10,
2010.
2. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Current Establishment Survey
(National), Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Industry Sector and Selected Industry
Detail,” July 14, 2011.
3. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment, Hours, and
Earnings From the Current Employment Statistics Survey (National),” Web Site Public
Data Query, Series ID: CES6056132001, July 18, 2011.
4. American Staffing Association, “Employment and Sales Survey Report, First Quarter
2011,” June 18, 2011, a proprietary report for survey participants only. Public data available online at
americanstaffing.net; click on Staffing Statistics.
5. Council of Economic Advisers, “Economic Report of the President: Transmitted to the
Congress January 2009,” U.S. Government Printing Office, 2009.
6. Steven P. Berchem, “Staffing Jobs as Economic and Employment Indicators,” American
Staffing Association, June 2009.
7. Ibid 3.
8. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment, Hours, and
Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics survey (National),” Web Site Public
Data Query, Series ID: CES0000000001, July 19, 2011.
9. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment, Hours, and
Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics survey (National),” Web Site Public
Data Query, Series ID: CEU6056132001, July 31, 2011.
10. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment, Hours, and
Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics survey (National),” Web Site Public
Data Query, Series ID: CEU0000000001, July 20, 2011.
11. Jon Hilsenrath and Conor Dougherty, “Inside the Disappointing Comeback,” Wall Street
Journal, July 5, 2011.
12. Jon Hilsenrath, “Weak Economic Rebound Suggests Statistical Parallels to 1980 and
Other Anemic Upturns,” Wall Street Journal, July 5, 2011.
13. Ibid 12.
14. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, “The Recession and Recovery in Perspective,”
minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/studies/recession_perspective, July 31, 2011.
15. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and
Product Accounts Tables: “Table 1. 1. 1 Percent Change From Preceding Period in Real
Gross Domestic Product” and “Table 1. 1. 6 Real Gross Domestic Product, Chained
Dollars (2005)”; July 29, 2011.
16. Ibid 8.
17. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “The Employment Situation—
June 2011,” July 8, 2011.
18. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Statistics From the
Current Population Survey,” Web Site Public Data Query, Series ID: LNS14000000, July
31, 2011.
19. Ibid 17.
20. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor Force Statistics From the
Current Population Survey,” Web Site Public Data Query, Series ID: LNS12300000, July
31, 2011.
21. Ibid 8.
22. Ibid 17.
23. Justin Lahart, “Number of the Week: 162,” Wall Street Journal, July 16, 2011.
24. Ian D. Wyatt and Kathryn J. Byun, “Employment Outlook 2008–18: The U.S. Economy
to 2018: From Recession to Recovery,” Monthly Labor Review, November 2009,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
25. Economic Forecasting Survey: July 2011, Wall Street Journal,
wsj.com, July 19, 2011.
26. Jonathan McCarthy, “Discretionary Services Expenditures in This Business Cycle,”
Liberty Street Economics blog, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, July 6, 2011.
27. American Staffing Association, ASA Staffing Index, public data available online at ameri-
canstaffing.net; click on Staffing Statistics.
28. Ibid 4.
29. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment
and Wages, Temporary Help Supply Services, 1972–2008.
30. Calculated using American Staffing Association figures for temporary and contract staffing employment ( 3. 12 million in 2007, 2. 18 million in 2009, and 2.58 in 2010; ibid 1) and
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics annual figures for total nonfarm employment (137.60
million in 2007, 130.81 million in 2009, and 129.82 in 2010; Web Site Public Data Query,
Series ID: CEU0000000001; July 20, 2011).
31. Steven P. Berchem, “A Profile of Temporary and Contract Employees: Who They Are
and What They Do,” American Staffing Association, 2006.
32. Various public company reports as well as anecdotal reports from members of the
American Staffing Association, including members of the ASA board of directors at
meetings Jan. 25, 2009, through June 12, 2011.
33. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment, Hours, and
Earnings From the Current Employment Statistics Survey,” Web Site Public Data Query,
Series ID: CEU6056131001, July 20, 2011.
34. Ibid 4.
35. Staffing Industry Report, Staffing Industry Analysts Inc., April 2011.
36. Ibid 15.
37. Ibid 4.
38. Ibid 31.
39. Tom Brown, Stuart Crainer, Des Dearlove, and Jorge Nascimento Rodrigues; Business
Minds: Connect With the World’s Greatest Management Thinkers, Prentice Hall, 2002.
40. Mindy Blodgett, “Managing Generation X,” CNN.com, April 20, 1999.
41. World Economic Forum, in collaboration with the Boston Consulting Group, Global
Talent Risk—Seven Responses, 2011.
42. “ CareerBuilder.com’s Job Forecast: Q1 2006,” CareerBuilder.com, 2006.
43. “2002 People at Work Survey,” Mercer Human Resource Consulting, 2002.
44. “2005 United States What’s Working Study,” Mercer Human Resource Consulting,
2005.
45. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, “Contingent and Alternative
Employment Arrangements, February 2005,” News Release, July 27, 2005.
46. American Staffing Association analysis of unpublished data from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Data were from the contingent and alternative
employment arrangement supplement to the Current Population Survey conducted in
February 1995, 1997, 1999, and 2001. The supplemental survey was not conducted in
2003; it was resumed in 2005. The occupational distribution of the 2005 sample skewed
contrary to trends evident from the first four surveys. The survey may be subject to
errors related to the relatively small sample (“temporary help agency workers” n=344
Notes
and “workers provided by contract firms” n=240) compounded by projecting that
sample to represent nearly 200 occupations over an estimated population of two million.
Given the skewing of the 2005 results, data from the next most recent survey (2001)
were used in Figure 18.
47. American Management Association, “1999 AMA Survey, Contingent Workers, Summary
of Findings.”
48. Steven P. Berchem, “Flexibility and Talent: Top Assets—Staffing Industry Gets Good
Ratings in National Poll of Businesses,” Staffing Success, May–June 2005, American
Staffing Association.
49. Erica L. Groshen and Simon Potter, “Has Structural Change Contributed to a Jobless
Recovery?” Current Issues in Economics and Finance, August 2003, Federal Reserve
Bank of New York.
50. Nandkumar Nayar and G. Lee Willinger, “Financial Implications of the Decision to
Increase Reliance on Contingent Labor,” Decision Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 4, Fall 2001.
51. “Contingent Employment,” HR Executive Review, Vol. 3, No. 2, Conference Board,
1995.
52. Gianpaolo Baiocchi, Sundari Baru, and Paula Chakravartty, “Just Getting By: The
Experience of Temporary Workers in San Diego’s Economy,” Center on Policy
Initiatives, October 2002.
53. James Manyika, Susan Lund, Byron Auguste, Lenny Mendonca, Tim Welsh, and
Sreenivas Ramaswamy, An Economy That Works: Job Creation and America’s Future,
McKinsey Global Institute, June 2011.
54. Testimony of Chairman Alan Greenspan, Federal Reserve Board’s Semiannual Monetary
Policy Report to the Congress, Before the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House
of Representatives, July 20, 2005.
55. Andy Laperriere, “Questions for the Fed,” Wall Street Journal, April 3, 2008.
56. Marcello Estevão and Saul Lach, “Measuring Temporary Labor Outsourcing in U.S.
Manufacturing,” Employment Policies Institute, December 2001.
57. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President, Transmitted to the
Congress January 2001, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001.
58. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President, Transmitted to the
Congress January 2004, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2004.
59. Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, “The High-Pressure U.S. Labor Market of the
1990s,” Working Paper No. 416, Princeton University, May 1999.
60. Ibid 31.
61. Jon Hilsenrath and Brian Blackstone, “Behind Grim Jobs Data, a Potentially Hopeful
Sign,” Wall Street Journal, Jan. 13, 2009.
62. Rose A. Woods, “Employment Outlook 2008–18: Industry Output and Employment
Projections to 2018,” Monthly Labor Review, November 2009, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
63. Kristina J. Bartsch, “Employment Outlook 2008–18: The Employment Projections for
2008–18,” Monthly Labor Review, November 2009, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S.
Department of Labor.
64. Ibid 62.
65. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment, Hours, and
Earnings From the Current Employment Statistics Survey,” Web Site Public Data Query,
Series ID: CES2000000001, July 21, 2011.
66. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, news release, “May 2011
Construction at $753.5 Billion Annual Rate,” July 1, 2011.
67. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment, Hours, and
Earnings From the Current Employment Statistics Survey,” Web Site Public Data Query,
Series ID: CES3000000001, July 21, 2011.
68. Ibid 63.
69. Ibid 1 and 4.
70. Ibid 53.
71. David Autor, “The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U.S. Labor Market:
Implications for Employment and Earnings,” Center for American Progress and the
Hamilton Project of the Brookings Institution, April 2010.
72. Ibid 41.
